China and Russia have introduced export restrictions on petrol as local prices surge and consumers protest, a sign that emerging countries are spreading the use of beggar-thy-neighbour policies from food commodities to energy.

　　隨著國內價格飆升、消費者抗議，中國與俄羅斯都對燃料出口下達了限制，這一跡象表明新興國家正在將“以鄰為壑”的政策從農業大宗商品延伸至能源領域。

　　The measures, announced over the past few days, come as inflation becomes a problem in emerging countries, forcing central banks to tighten monetary policy to cool their economies.

　　過去幾天中俄兩國相繼出臺限制措施之際，新興國家的通脹問題日益凸顯，迫使各國央行收緊貨幣政策，給經濟降溫。

　　The move comes as oil prices on Tuesday recovered from a sell-off last week. ICE June Brent rose $1.25 to $117.15 a barrel.

　　周二，原油價格在經歷了上周的拋售之后有所回升。倫敦洲際交易所(ICE) 6月份交割的布倫特(Brent)原油價格上漲1.25美元，至每桶117.15美元。

　　Wholesale gasoline and diesel prices in New York also recovered sharply.

　　紐約市場的汽油和柴油批發價格也大幅反彈。

　　Moscow has raised a gasoline export duty by a hefty 44 per cent this month, in what amounts to the imposition of a prohibitive tax on overseas sales.

　　本月，莫斯科將汽油出口關稅大幅上調44%，實際上相當于對海外銷售實施寓禁于征的稅收。

　　At the same time, Beijing has put strong pressure on its state-owned companies to halt overseas sales of gasoline.

　　同時，北京對國有企業施加了巨大的壓力，要求它們停止向海外銷售汽油。

　　Sinopec, Asia’s largest refiner by capacity, has announced that it will not export more than small amounts in May to Hong Kong and Macao.

　　中石化(Sinopec)宣布，5月份除保留供香港、澳門地區的基本資源需求外，將停止向其他地區出口。以加工能力計算，中石化是亞洲最大的煉油企業。

　　“Though exporting oil products makes good profits, we have suspended exports,” the company said.

　　“盡管成品油出口效益較好，……但我們已暫停向其他地區出口，”該公司表示。

　　China and Russia have used export restrictions in the past as an anti-inflation tool in the agricultural sector.

　　中國與俄羅斯曾在農產品領域使用出口限制措施，作為一種抗擊通脹的工具。

　　Moscow restricted grain sales in 2008 during the global food crisis through the use of export duties and quotas and imposed a total export ban in August 2010 after a drought destroyed its crop.

　　2008年全球糧食危機期間，莫斯科曾利用出口關稅與配額制度來限制糧食銷售。2010年8月遭遇嚴重旱災、莊稼受損后，還實施了全面出口禁令。

　　The export ban remains in place.

　　目前，出口禁令仍然有效。

　　Beijing imposed an export ban on rice in 2008 after the cost of it surged to an all-time high on the international market.

　　2008年國際市場大米價格飆升至歷史新高之后，北京對大米出口實施了禁令。

　　Commodity analysts and traders blame the export restrictions for exacerbating the 2007-08 food crisis that triggered panic buying among importers.

　　大宗商品分析師與交易商認為，這些出口限制措施加劇了2007-08年的糧食危機，引發了進口國家的恐慌購買。

　　Moreover, analysts and traders said that the export restrictions in China and Russia would depress local fuel prices, stopping price signals from helping to slow demand growth and deterring refiners from investing in new capacity.

　　此外，他們還表示，中俄兩國的出口限制措施將壓制國內燃料價格，讓價格信號無法發揮抑制需求增長的作用，并使煉油企業不愿投資擴大產能。