1. Strategic leadership（戰略性領導力）

A leader is someone who exercises an influence over other people. Leadership is an interpersonal influence directed towards the achievement of a goal.

The study of leadership has produced a number of theories and may be analysed in four main groups:

戰略性領導力主要由四種不同的領導力理論構成：特質理論、行為理論、權變理論和變革理論。也可以理解為是四種領導力類型。

a) Trait Theories（特質理論）

People are born with inherited traits.

Some traits are particularly suited to leadership.

 People who make good leaders have the right (or sufficient) combination of traits.

Early research on leadership was based on the psychological focus of the day, which was of people having inherited characteristics or traits.

Attention was thus put on discovering these traits, often by studying successful leaders, but with the underlying assumption that if other people could also be found with these traits, then they, too, could become great leaders.

特質理論主要是根據人員的不同的特性來進行管理和刺激，從而達到勞動力的化。下面是關于Stogdill和McCall and Lombardo提出的：

Stogdill (1974) identified the following traits and skills as critical to leaders:

Traits Skills

Adaptable to situations Clever (intelligent)

Alert to social environment Conceptually skilled

Ambitious and achievement-orientated Creative

Assertive Diplomatic and tactful

Cooperative Fluent in speaking

Decisive Knowledgeable about group task

Dependable Organised (administrative ability)

Dominant (desire to influence others) Persuasive

Energetic (high activity level) Socially skilled

Persistent

Self-confident

Tolerant of stress

Willing to assume responsibility

McCall and Lombardo (1983) identified four primary traits by which leaders could succeed: